Mapping of N-C Bond Formation from a Series of Crystalline Peri-Substituted Naphthalenes by Charge Density and Solid-State NMR Methodologies.

A combination of charge density studies and solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 1 JNC coupling measurements supported by periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations is used to characterise the transition from an n-π* interaction to bond formation between a nucleophilic nitrogen atom and an electrophilic sp2 carbon atom in a series of crystalline peri-substituted naphthalenes. As the N⋅⋅⋅C distance reduces there is a sharp decrease in the Laplacian derived from increasing charge density between the two groups at ca. N⋅⋅⋅C = 1.8 Å, with the periodic DFT calculations predicting, and heteronuclear spin-echo NMR measurements confirming, the 1 JNC couplings of ≈3-6 Hz for long C-N bonds (1.60-1.65 Å), and 1 JNC couplings of <1 Hz for N⋅⋅⋅C >2.1 Å.

[CrIII8NiII6]n+ Heterometallic Coordination Cubes.

Three new heterometallic [CrIII8NiII6] coordination cubes of formulae [CrIII8NiII6L24(H2O)12](NO3)12 (1), [CrIII8NiII6L24(MeCN)7(H2O)5](ClO4)12 (2), and [CrIII8NiII6L24Cl12] (3) (where HL = 1-(4-pyridyl)butane-1,3-dione), were synthesised using the paramagnetic metalloligand [CrIIIL3] and the corresponding NiII salt. The magnetic skeleton of each capsule describes a face-centred cube in which the eight CrIII and six NiII ions occupy the eight vertices and six faces of the structure, respectively. Direct current magnetic susceptibility measurements on (1) reveal weak ferromagnetic interactions between the CrIII and NiII ions, with JCr-Ni = + 0.045 cm-1. EPR spectra are consistent with weak exchange, being dominated by the zero-field splitting of the CrIII ions. Excluding wheel-like structures, examples of large heterometallic clusters containing both CrIII and NiII ions are rather rare, and we demonstrate that the use of metalloligands with predictable bonding modes allows for a modular approach to building families of related polymetallic complexes. Compounds (1)-(3) join the previously published, structurally related family of [MIII8MII6] cubes, where MIII = Cr, Fe and MII = Cu, Co, Mn, Pd.

All about that base: investigating the role of ligand basicity in pyridyl complexes derived from a copper-Schiff base coordination polymer.

The role of ligand basicity in complex formation has been investigated using monodentate pyridyls or benzimidazole (mP) in combination with a solution-stable species derived form a coordination polymer, [Cu(L)] (where L = 2-(2-hydroxybenzylidene-amino)phenol). The 12 [Cu(L)(mP)n] complexes generated, combined with the {[Cu(L)]2(pP)} complexes from our previous work (where pP is a polypyridyl ligand), allow us to gauge the likelihood of complex formation based on the pKa of the conjugate acid of the pyridyl ligands and Hammett parameter, σ. Above pKa ≈ 4.5, complexes are formed where the only ligands are L2- and mP or pP and the packing interactions are predominantly van der Waals. Below this value, complex formation is unlikely unless there are additional oxygen ligands in the Jahn-Teller axis of the Cu(ii) ion. The structures of two literature [Cu(L)(bP)] complexes, where bP is a chelating bidentate pyridyl ligand are also re-examined to resolve the positional disorder in the [Cu(L)] moiety.

Mono- and ditopic hydroxamate ligands towards discrete and extended network architectures.

A family of mono- and ditopic hydroxamic acids has been employed in the synthesis and structural and physical characterisation of discrete (0D) and (1- and 2-D) extended network coordination complexes. Examples of the latter include the 1-D coordination polymer {[Zn(ii)(L3H)2]·2MeOH}n (5; L3H2 = 2-(methylamino)phenylhydroxamic acid) and the 2-D extended network {[Cu(ii)(L2H)(H2O)(NO3)]·H2O}n (5; L2H2 = 4-amino-2-(acetoxy)phenylhydroxamic acid). The 12-MC-4 metallacrown [Cu(ii)5(L4H)4(MeOH)2(NO3)2]·3H2O·4MeOH (7) represents the first metal complex constructed using the novel ligand N-hydroxy-2-[(2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)amino]benzamide (L4H3). Variable temperature magnetic susceptibility studies confirm strong antiferromagnetic exchange between the Cu(ii) centres in 7. Coordination polymer 5 shows photoluminescence in the blue region (λPL∼ 421-450 nm) with a bathochromic shift of the emission (∼15-30 nm) from solution to the solid state.

Crowding out: ligand modifications and their structure directing effects on brucite-like {Mx(µ3-OH)y} (M = Co(ii), Ni(ii)) core growth within polymetallic cages.

Previous employment of the ligands 2-methoxy-6-[(methylimino)methyl]phenol (L1H) and 2-methoxy-6-[(phenylimino)methyl]phenol (L2H) has resulted in the self-assembly of pseudo metallocalix[6]arene complexes of general formulae: [M7(µ3-OH)6(Lx)6](NO3)y (M = Ni(ii), x = 1, y = 2 (1) and Co(ii/iii), x = 2, y = 3 (2)). Extrapolating upon this work, we report the coordination chemistry of ligands 2-methoxy-6-{[(2-methoxyphenyl)imino]methyl}phenol (L3H), 2-[(benzylimino)methyl]-6-methoxyphenol (L4H), 2-[(benzylamino)methyl]-6-methoxyphenol (L5H) and 2-[(benzylamino)methyl]-4-bromo-6-methoxyphenol (L6H), whose structures are modifications of ligands L1-2H. These ligands are employed in the synthesis and characterisation of the dimetallic complex [Ni(ii)2(L3)3(H2O)](NO3)·2H2O·3MeOH (3); the monometallic complexes [Ni(ii)(L4)2] (4) and [Co(iii)(L4)3]·H2O·MeOH (5a); and the tetranuclear pseudo metallocalix[4]arene complexes: [(NO3)⊂Co(ii)4(µ3-OH)2(L5)4(H2O)2](NO3)·H2O (6), [(NO3)⊂Ni(ii)4(µ3-OH)2(L5)4(H2O)2](NO3)·H2O (7) and [Ni(ii)4(µ3-OH)2(L6)4(NO3)2]·MeCN (8). The tetrametallic 'butterfly' core topologies in 6-8 are discussed with respect to their structural and topological relationship with their heptanuclear [M7] (M = Co(ii), Ni(ii)) pseudo metallocalix[6]arene ancestors (1 and 2).

The Rich Solid-State Phase Behavior of dl-Aminoheptanoic Acid: Five Polymorphic Forms and Their Phase Transitions.

The rich landscape of enantiotropically related polymorphic forms and their solid-state phase transitions of dl-2-aminoheptanoic acid (dl-AHE) has been explored using a range of complementary characterization techniques, and is largely exemplary of the polymorphic behavior of linear aliphatic amino acids. As many as five new polymorphic forms were found, connected by four fully reversible solid-state phase transitions. Two low temperature forms were refined in a high Z' crystal structure, which is a new phenomenon for linear aliphatic amino acids. All five structures consist of two-dimensional hydrogen-bonded bilayers interconnected by weak van der Waals interactions. The single-crystal-to-single-crystal phase transitions involve shifts of bilayers and/or conformational changes in the aliphatic chain. Compared to two similar phase transitions of the related amino acid dl-norleucine, the enthalpies of transition and NMR chemical shift differences are notably smaller in dl-aminoheptanoic acid. This is explained to be a result of both the nature of the conformational changes and the increased chain length, weakening the interactions between the bilayers.

Exploring the cellular uptake and localisation of phosphorescent rhenium fac-tricarbonyl metallosurfactants as a function of lipophilicity.

A systematic study of the cellular uptake of emissive complexes as a function of their lipophilicity is presented. Here a series of amphiphilic rhenium fac-tricarbonyl bisimine complexes bearing axial substituted imidazole or thiazole ligands, [Re(bpy)(CO)3(ImCnHm)]+ {n = 1 m = 3 (1+), n = 4 m = 9 (2+), n = 8 m = 17 (3+), n = 12 m = 25 (4+), n = 16 m = 33 (5+), n = 2 m = 3 (6+); bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, Im = imidazole} and [Re(bpy)(CO)3(L)]+ {L = 1-mesitylimidazole, ImMes (7+), 4,5-dimethylthiazole, dmt (8+) and 4-methyl-5-thiazole-ethanol, mte (9+)} is reported. The X-ray crystal structures of 2+, 8+ and 9+ confirm the geometry and expected distribution of ligands and indicated that the plane of the imidazole/thiazole ring is approximately parallel to the long axis of the bipy ligand. Luminescence studies revealed excellent properties for their use in cell imaging with visible excitation and broad emission profiles. Their uptake in two distinct species has been examined by fluorescence imaging of the diplomonad fish parasite Spironucleus vortens (S. vortens) and rod-shaped yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Schiz. pombe) as a function of their lipophilicity. The uptake of the complexes was highest for the more lipophilic 2+-5+ in both S. vortens and Schiz. pombe in which the long alkyl chain aids in crossing bilipid membranes. However, the increased lipophilicity of longer chains also resulted in greater toxicity. Localisation over the whole cell varied with differing alkyl chain lengths with complex 2+ preferentially locating to the nucleus of S. vortens, 3+ showing enhanced nuclear partitioning in Schiz. pombe, and 4+ for the remaining cell wall bound in the case of S. vortens. Interestingly, complexes of intermediate lipophilicity such as 7+ and 8+ showed reasonable uptake, proved to be non-toxic, and were capable of crossing exterior cell walls and localising in the organelles of the cells.

Modular [FeIII8MII6] n+ (MII = Pd, Co, Ni, Cu) Coordination Cages.

The reaction of the simple metalloligand [FeIIIL3] [HL = 1-(4-pyridyl)butane-1,3-dione] with a variety of different MII salts results in the formation of a family of heterometallic cages of formulae [FeIII8PdII6L24]Cl12 (1), [FeIII8CuII6L24(H2O)4Br4]Br8 (2), [FeIII8CuII6L24(H2O)10](NO3)12 (3), [FeIII8NiII6L24(SCN)11Cl] (4), and [FeIII8CoII6L24(SCN)10(H2O)2]Cl2 (5). The metallic skeleton of each cage describes a cube in which the FeIII ions occupy the eight vertices and the MII ions lie at the center of the six faces. Direct-current magnetic susceptibility and magnetization measurements on 3-5 reveal the presence of weak antiferromagnetic exchange between the metal ions in all three cases. Computational techniques known in theoretical nuclear physics as statistical spectroscopy, which exploit the moments of the Hamiltonian to calculate relevant thermodynamic properties, determine JFe-Cu = 0.10 cm-1 for 3 and JFe-Ni = 0.025 cm-1 for 4. Q-band electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of 1 reveal a significantly wider spectral width in comparison to [FeL3], indicating that the magnitude of the FeIII zero-field splitting is larger in the heterometallic cage than in the monomer.

Biological and structural studies of phosphonium 'masked thiolate' compounds.

The ability of phosphonium cations to act as intracellular transport vectors is well-established. Phosphonioalkylthiosulfate zwitterions, and ω-thioacetylalkylphosphonium salts, which act as 'masked thiolate' ligands, are useful precursors for the formation of phosphonium-functionalised gold nanoparticles, enabling the nanoparticles to be transported into cells for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. In this study we have completed cytotoxicity studies of ω-thioacetylpropylphosphonium salts derived from triphenylphosphine and tri(4-fluorophenyl)phosphine, which show that the compounds are only toxic towards PC3 prostate cancer cells at high concentrations and at prolonged incubation periods and display IC50 values of 67 µM and 252 µM respectively, significantly higher than those of other phosphonium salts. MALDI-TOF-MS has been used to investigate the uptake of the compounds by PC3 cells and to quantify detectable levels of the compounds inside the cells. The structures of ω-thioacetylpropyl(tri-4-fluorophenyl) phosphonium bromide and the corresponding tri(4-fluorophenyl)phosphoniopropylthiosulfate zwitterion have been investigated by single crystal X-ray crystallography. The results show that molecules of the zwitterion are held together through an extensive array of electrostatic and non-covalent interactions. The unit cell of ω-thioacetylpropyl(tri-4-fluorophenyl)phosphonium bromide contains eight cations together with eight bromide anions and two waters of crystallisation, all held together through a complex network of hydrogen bonds. The differences in the molecular packing of the two compounds may account for the lower solubility of the zwitterion in aqueous solutions, compared with that of the phosphonium salt.

Efficient Ni(II)2Ln(III)2 Electrocyclization Catalysts for the Synthesis of trans-4,5-Diaminocyclopent-2-enones from 2-Furaldehyde and Primary or Secondary Amines.

A series of heterometallic coordination clusters (CCs) [Ni(II)2Ln(III)2(L1)4Cl2(CH3CN)2] 2CH3CN [Ln = Y (1Y), Sm (1Sm), Eu (1Eu), Gd (1Gd), or Tb (1Tb)] were synthesized by the reaction of (E)-2-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene-amino)phenol) (H2L1) with NiCl2·6(H2O) and LnCl3·x(H2O) in the presence of Et3N at room temperature. These air-stable CCs can be obtained in very high yields from commercially available materials and are efficient catalysts for the room-temperature domino ring-opening electrocyclization synthesis of trans-4,5-diaminocyclopent-2-enones from 2-furaldehyde and primary or secondary amines under a non-inert atmosphere. Structural modification of the catalyst to achieve immobilization or photosensitivity is possible without deterioration in catalytic activity.

Synthesis and Evaluation of a 2,11-Cembranoid-Inspired Library.

The 2,11-cembranoid family of natural products has been used as inspiration for the synthesis of a structurally simplified, functionally diverse library of octahydroisobenzofuran-based compounds designed to augment a typical medicinal chemistry library screen. Ring-closing metathesis, lactonisation and SmI2 -mediated methods were exemplified and applied to the installation of a third ring to mimic the nine-membered ring of the 2,11-cembranoids. The library was assessed for aqueous solubility and permeability, with a chemical-space analysis performed for comparison to the family of cembranoid natural products and a sample set of a screening library. Preliminary investigations in cancer cells showed that the simpler scaffolds could recapitulate the reported anti-migratory activity of the natural products.

Copper Keplerates: High-Symmetry Magnetic Molecules.

Keplerates are molecules that contain metal polyhedra that describe both Platonic and Archimedean solids; new copper keplerates are reported, with physical studies indicating that even where very high molecular symmetry is found, the low-temperature physics does not necessarily reflect this symmetry.

Switching the orientation of Jahn-Teller axes in oxime-based Mn(III) dimers and its effect upon magnetic exchange: a combined experimental and theoretical study.

A family of Mn(III) dimers of general formula [Mn(R-sao)2(dpa)2](ClO4)2 (1-5) has been synthesised using derivatised phenolic oximes (R-saoH2, where R = H, Me, Et, Ph) in combination with di-(2-picolyl)-amine (dpa). Their structures reveal a double-oxime bridged [Mn(III)(NO)]2 magnetic core in which the Jahn-Teller axes lie perpendicular to the bridging plane, in contrast to two previously reported family members (6, 7). The switch in the orientation of the Jahn-Teller axes is enforced through the use of the chelating ligand which is present in 1-5 and absent in 6-7. Dc magnetic susceptibility measurements reveal that the exchange interactions between the Mn(III) metal centres in 1-5 are antiferromagnetic in contrast to that observed for 6 and 7 which are ferromagnetic. DFT calculations performed on complexes 1-6 reproduce both the sign and strength of the J values found experimentally. Molecular orbital analysis unlocks a common mechanism of magnetic coupling based upon the orientation of the Jahn-Teller axis, with the magneto-structural correlation also dependent upon the Mn-N-O-Mn angles--with ferromagnetic interactions at smaller dihedral angles.

Molecular Pac-Man and Tacos: layered Cu(II) cages from ligands with high binding site concentrations.

The in situ formation and subsequent Cu(ii) ligation of the polydentate pro-ligands o-[(E)-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methylideneamino]benzohydroxamic acid (L1H3), o-[(E)-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-bromophenyl)methylideneamino]benzohydroxamic acid (L2H3) and o-[(E)-(2-hydroxyphenyl)methylideneamino]benzohydroxamic acid (L3H3), leads to the self-assembly of the cages [Cu(ii)10(L1)4(2-aph)2(H2O)2](ClO4)4·5MeOH (), [Cu(ii)14(L1)8(MeOH)2.5(H2O)7.5](NO3)4·3MeOH·7H2O (), [Cu(ii)14(L2)8(MeOH)4(H2O)6](NO3)4·6H2O (), [Cu(ii)14(L3)8(MeOH)6(H2O)2](NO3)4·4MeOH·8H2O () and [Cu(ii)30O(OH)4(OMe)2(L1)16(MeOH)4(H2O)2](ClO4)4·2MeOH·30H2O (). Each member comprises a highly unusual topology derived from off-set, stacked, near planar layers of polynuclear subunits connected through long Cu(ii)-O contacts. The exact topology observed is dependent on the specific reaction conditions and methodologies employed. Dc magnetic susceptibility studies on , , and reveals strong antiferromagnetic exchange between the Cu(ii) centres in all siblings. We also present the 1D coordination polymer {[Cu(ii)(L4)]·H2O}n () comprising the pseudo macrocyclic ligand [[2-[(E)-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)methyleneamino]benzoyl]amino]ethanimidate (L4H2), which is formed upon the incorporation of an MeCN unit at the hydroxamate group of precursor ligand L1H3.

Synergistic catalysis: enantioselective addition of alkylbenzoxazoles to enals.

A novel catalytic enantioselective methodology based on synergistic catalysis is reported. The strategy involves: 1) the metal-Lewis-acid activation of alkylazaarenes, and 2) the secondary-amine activation of enals. Consequently, highly functionalized chiral alkylazaarenes were obtained in good yields and with reasonable stereoselectivity.

Synergistic catalysis: highly diastereoselective benzoxazole addition to Morita-Baylis-Hillman carbonates.

An expedited method has been developed for the diastereoselective synthesis of highly functionalized alkyl-azaarene systems with good yields and high diastereoselectivities (>15 : 1 dr). The methodology includes a synergistic catalysis event involving organometallic (10 mol% AgOAc) activation of an alkyl azaarene and Lewis base (10 mol% DABCO) activation of a Morita-Baylis-Hillman carbonate. The structure and relative configuration of a representative product were confirmed by X-ray analysis.

Systematic experimental charge density analysis of anion receptor complexes.

The first systematic electronic resolution study of a series of urea-based anion receptor complexes is presented. The hydrogen bonding in these multi-component systems was fully characterised using Bader's Quantum Theory of Atoms In Molecules (QTAIM) with the strength of the various N-H···anion hydrogen bonds quantified and the individual contributions of different intermolecular forces to the overall receptor: anion interaction derived by comparison of the charge densities in the related complexes. The strength of the N-Hanion hydrogen bonds was correlated to the basicity of the anion and related to the structure of the receptors. The geometric criteria used to identify hydrogen bonding interactions in standard resolution X-ray diffraction studies were shown to be valid for stronger interactions. However, these geometric criteria are less reliable and lead to assumptions that are not necessarily upheld when applied to weaker intermolecular interactions. The presence of these could only be confirmed by charge density studies. The effect that changes to the receptor substitution pattern have on the entire supramolecular system is illustrated by the differences in the electrostatic potential distributions and atomic charges across the series. The application of systematic high resolution studies to rationalise a variety of host-guest systems has been demonstrated.

"Converting" an hexametallic MnIII wheel to a dodecametallic MnIII wheel via ligand oximation.

Ligand oximation "converts" an hexametallic Mn(III) wheel into a dodecametallic Mn(III) wheel, while the magnetic exchange switches from ferro- to antiferromagnetic.

CO2 as a reaction ingredient for the construction of metal cages: a carbonate-panelled [Gd6Cu3] tridiminished icosahedron.

A CO3(2-)-panelled [Gd(III)6Cu(II)3] cage conforming to a tridiminished icosahedron is synthesised by bubbling CO2 through a solution of Gd(III) and Cu(II) ions.

Combining oxime-based [Mn6] clusters with cyanometalates: 1D chains of [Mn6] SMMs from [M(CN)2]- (M = Au, Ag).

The linear [M(CN)2](-) (M = Au, Ag) anions can be used as metalloligands in oxime-based Mn chemistry to afford 1D chains of [Mn(III)6] single-molecule magnets (SMMs).